A Java geek

In this post, I will ramble on logging in Java, how it was done in the old days and what can a library like SLF4J can bring.

Logging is a basic need when you create software. Logging use-cases are:

• debugging the software during development,
• help diagnose bugs during production
• trace access for security purposes
• create data for statistical use
• etc.

Whatever the use, logs should be detailed, configurable and reliable.

History

Historically, Java logs where done with System.out.println(), System.err.println() or e.printStackTrace() statements. Debug logs where put in System.out and error logs in System.err. In production, both were redirected: the former on the null output, the latter to the desired error log file. So they were useful enough but they suffered from a big drawback: they were not very configurable. It was an all or nothing switch, either log or don’t. You could not focus detailed logs on a particular layer or package.

Log4J came to the rescue. It was everything one could ever want from a logging framework. It invented many concepts still used in today’s logging frameworks (it was the first framework I used so please bear with me if a concept was not invented by it):

• the concept of Logger so that each logger can be configured independently
• the concept of Appender so that each appender can log wherever it wants (file, database, message, etc.)
• the concept of Level so that one can configure the logging (or not) of each message separately

After that, Sun felt the need for a logging feature inside the JDK but, instead of using log4j directly, it created an API inspired by it. However, it was not not so well finished as Log4J. If you want to use JDK 1.4 logging, chances are you’ll have to write your own Appenders – called Handlers – since the only handlers available are Console and File out-of-the-box.

With both frameworks available, you needed to configure both of them since whatever framework you used, there was surely at least one dependency of your project that used the other. Apache Commons Logging is an API bridge that connects itself to supported logging frameworks. Libraries should use commons-logging so that the real framework used is the choice of the project, and is not imposed by the dependencies. This is not always the case, so Commons Logging does not solve the double configuration problem. Morevoer, Commons Logging suffer from some class-loading problems, leading to NoClassDefFoundError errors.

Finally, the lead programer from Log4J quit the project for reasons I will not detail here. He created another logging framework, namely SLF4J, that should have been Log4J v2.

Some strange facts

The following facts are things that bother me with the previous frameworks. They are not drawbacks per se but are worth mentioning:

• Log4J has Maven dependencies on JMS, Mail and JMX that are not optional, meaning they will appear on your classpath if you do not bother to exclude them
• Likewise, Commons Logging has Maven dependencies on Avalon (another logging framework), Log4J, LogKit and Servlet API (!) that are not optional
• A Swing log viewer is included in Log4J jar, even if you it is used in an headless environment, such as a batch or an application server
• Log4J v1.3 main page redirects to v1.2 while Log4 v2.0 is experimental

Which framework to use ?

Log4J would be the framework of choice (and is for most) but it is no longer developed. Version 1.2 is the reference, version 1.3 is abandoned and version 2.0 is still in its early stage.

Commons Logging is a good choice for a library (as opposed to an application) but I suffered once classloaders issues, and once is enough to veto it (finally, i threw Commons Logging out and used Log4J directly).

JDK 1.4 Logging is a standard and does not raise concurrent versions problems. But it lacks so many features, it cannot be used without redeveloping some such as a database adapter and such. Too bad… but it does not answers the question: which framework to use?

Recently, architects of my company decided for SLF4J. Why such a choice?

SLF4J

SLF4J is not as widespread as Log4J because most architects (and developers alike) know Log4J well and either don’t know about SLF4J, or don’t care and stick to Log4J anyway. Moreover, for most projects Log4J fulfills all logging’s needs. Yet, interestingly enough, Hibernate uses SLF4J. It has some nice features that are not present in Log4J.

Simple syntax

Take the following Log4J example:

LOGGER.debug("Hello " + name);

Since String concatenation is frowned upon, many companies enforce the following syntax, so that the concatenation only does take place when in DEBUG level:

if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {

  LOGGER.debug("Hello " + name);
}

It avoids String concatenation but it’s a bit heavy, isn’t it? In contrast, SLF4J offers the following simple syntax:

LOGGER.debug("Hello {}", name);

It’s like the first syntax but without the concatenation cost nor the heavy syntax burden.

SLF4J API and implementation

Moreover, SLF4 nicely decouples API from implementation so that you can use the API that works best with your development with the back-end that suits best your production team. For example, you could enforce the use of the SL4J API while letting the production still reuse the old log4j.properties they’ve known for ages. SLF4J’s logging implementation is known as LogKit.

SLF4J bridging

SLF4J has a bridging feature sor you can remove all log4j and commons-logging dependencies from your project’s dependencies and use only SLF4J.

SLF4J offers a JAR for each logging framework: they mimic its API but reroute the calls to the SLF4J API (which in turn uses the real framework). A word of warning: you could run into a cycle so beware to not have the bridging library along the implementation library in your classpath. For example, if you use the Log4J bridge, each Log4J API call will be rerouted to SLF4J. But if the SLF4J Log4J implementation is present, it will be routed back to Log4J then again, and again.

SLF4J API with Log4J implementation

Taking all these facts into account, my advice is to use SLF4J API and Log4J implementation. This way, you still configure logging the old Log4J way but you have access to SLF4J’s simpler API. In order to do so, you’ll have to:

Action	Location	Description
Add to classpath	slf4j-api.jar*	Main API without which you cannot use SLF4J
	slf4j-log4j.jar*	SLF4J Log4J implementation
	jul-to-slf4j.jar*	Enables rerouting JDK 1.4 logging calls to SLF4J
	jcl-over-slf4j.jar*	Reroutes commons-logging calls to SLF4J
Remove from classpath	commons-logging.jar*	Would conflict with commons-logging API in jcl-over-slf4j.jar
SLF4JBridgeHandler.install()**	Main application	Redirect JDK 1.4 logging calls to SLF4J
* Jar name will likely includes version
** 20% overhead advertised so do only if you need the single entry point and if there are a few calls

In you run inside an application server, you’ll probably have to change its libraries and / or its configuration to reach this situation.

To go further:

• SLF4J project
• Log4J project
• Commons Logging project
• Commons Logging class loader issues

I reccently stumbled upon a nice framework you’ll love if you ever have to work with native code. Before this framework, if you needed to call native code, you would use JNI. JNI uses a proved but complex and error-prone process.

First thing first, you write your Java classes like always. But for methods you want to delegate to native code, you use the native keyword and do not provide an implementation. Then, you call a JDK-provided executable named javah. This generates your C header file (*.h) and an empty stub implementation: you have to fill the voids. Finally, you compile both Java and C files.

At runtime, do not forget to load the library with System.loadLibrary("mylib"). Notice you do not provide the extension, the JVM does it automatically for you, depending on you platform (.dll on Windows, .so on Linux). Then call you Java class and it will magically delegate to your native code.

This whole process always frustrated me (and so, I can imagine, lots of developers) because of the following reasons:

• since I’m a Java developer and not a C developer, I could never write good C code. It hurts my head to even consider memory allocations or to bring myself to think about function pointers
• if I need to change the native Java method signature, I have to run the whole process again or change both header and C files without errors, and then compile everything again. In this case, I can’t stress out the importance of having a very automated build process or the adequate IDE (I tend toward the former)
• last, but not least, what if I do not have access to the source C file? JNI can’t help you call Windows dll… or you have to write a proxy-like C file to do so

Rejoice people. Java.net brought you the solution. The answer to your problems is Java Native Access or JNA. Now calling a NTLM authentication or showing the running services inside your application will be a breeze. Let’s try to get informations about your computer running under Windows – sorry ‘Nix users.

The first thing is to know which function will get you there: such is the goal of the MSDN library. Now, create an interface, preferably name after the DLL you will use and make it inherit from com.sun.jna.Libray. Its methods will have to map exactly the name and the arguments of the DLL. For example, let’s say you want to display your computer’s name. Under Windows, there’s a method named GetComputerNameW() that is provided by kernel32.dll. So, you interface will have a method adequately named GetComputerNameW(). The Devil being in the details, you’ll have to map each parameter documented in MSDN on a parameter in your interface’s method’s signature. GetComputerNameW() takes 2 parameters: a LPTSTR (pointer to a char buffer) and a LPDWORD (pointer to a integer). Running to JNA documentation, the mapping in Java becomes a char[] and a com.sun.jna.ptr.IntByReference.

Your interface now looks like this:

public interface Kernel32 extends StdCallLibrary {

    int GetComputerNameW(char[] name, IntByReference number);

    // Other method mappings
    ...
}

Now, in order to access a Kernel32 reference, just use the following codeline. Under the table, it will bind our interface to the underlying implementation through a proxy:

Kernel32 kernel32 = (Kernel32) Native.loadLibrary("kernel32", Kernel32.class);

This done, each subsequent call to kernel32′s GetComputerName() method will fill the char buffer with our computer’s name.

JNA still suffers from some drawbacks:

• JNA usually performs 10x slower than JNI. It has some techniques to speed up execution, so if you are in a performance-aware environment, you’ll probably want to use them
• it won’t make you a pro C programmer so very complex method signatures will throw you into frenzy: the harder part of the job will be mapping the datatypes from C to Java. This will probably frustrate you to no end since you will be seeing java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: Error looking up function XXX: La procédure spécifiée est introuvable more often than not. In this case, call a C programmer for help!

The sources of this small project are provided Maven-style. Have fun with Java and Windows!

To go further:

• Java Native Access documentation
• JNA default type mapping
• JNA Javadocs
• The MSDN library, Win32 and COM Development