In this article, I’ll show you the path that leads to true Java power, the use of proxies.
They are everywhere but only a handful of people know about them. Hibernate for lazy loading entities, Spring for AOP, LambdaJ for DSL, only to name a few: they all use their hidden magic. What are they? They are… Java’s dynamic proxies.
Everyone knows about the GOF Proxy design pattern:
Allows for object level access control by acting as a pass through entity or a placeholder object.
Likewise, in Java, a dynamic proxy is an instance that acts as a pass through to the real object. This powerful pattern let you change the real behaviour from a caller point of view since method calls can be intercepted by the proxy.
Pure Java proxies
Pure Java proxies have some interesting properties:
- They are based on runtime implementations of interfaces
- They are public, final and not abstract
- They extend
java.lang.reflect.Proxy
In Java, the proxy itself is not as important as the proxy’s behaviour.
The latter is done in an implementation of java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler.
It has only a single method to implement:
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args)proxy: the proxy instance that the method was invoked onmethod: theMethodinstance corresponding to the interface method invoked on the proxy instance. The declaring class of theMethodobject will be the interface that the method was declared in, which may be a superinterface of the proxy interface that the proxy class inherits the method throughargs: an array of objects containing the values of the arguments passed in the method invocation on the proxy instance, ornullif interface method takes no arguments. Arguments of primitive types are wrapped in instances of the appropriate primitive wrapper class, such asjava.lang.Integerorjava.lang.Boolean
Let’s take a simple example: suppose we want a List that can’t be added elements to it.
The first step is to create the invocation handler:
public class NoOpAddInvocationHandler implements InvocationHandler {
private final List proxied;
public NoOpAddInvocationHandler(List proxied) {
this.proxied = proxied;
}
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
if (method.getName().startsWith("add")) {
return false;
}
return method.invoke(proxied, args);
}
}The invoke method will intercept method calls and do nothing if the method starts with "add".
Otherwise, it will the call pass to the real proxied object.
This is a very crude example but is enough to let us understand the magic behind.
Notice that in case you want your method call to pass through, you need to call the method on the real object.
For this, you’ll need a reference to the latter, something the invoke method does not provide.
That’s why in most cases, it’s a good idea to pass it to the constructor and store it as an attribute.
Under no circumstances should you call the method on the proxy itself since it will be intercepted again by the invocation handler and you will be faced with a StackOverflowError.
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To create the proxy itself:
List proxy = (List) Proxy.newProxyInstance(
NoOpAddInvocationHandlerTest.class.getClassLoader(),
new Class[] { List.class },
new NoOpAddInvocationHandler(list));The newProxyInstance method takes 3 arguments:
- the class loader
- an array of interfaces that will be implemented by the proxy
- the power behind the throne in the form of the invocation handler
Now, if you try to add elements to the proxy by calling any add methods, it won’t have any effect.
CGLib proxies
Java proxies are runtime implementations of interfaces. Objects do not necessarily implement interfaces, and collections of objects do not necessarily share the same interfaces. Confronted with such needs, Java proxies fail to provide an answser.
Here begins the realm of CGLib. CGlib is a third-party framework, based on bytecode manipulation provided by ASM that can help with the previous limitations. A word of advice first, CGLib’s documentation is not on par with its features: there’s no tutorial nor documentation. A handful of JavaDocs is all you can count on. This said CGLib waives many limitations enforced by pure Java proxies:
- you are not required to implement interfaces
- you can extend a class
For example, since Hibernate entities are POJO, Java proxies cannot be used in lazy-loading; CGLib proxies can.
There are matches between pure Java proxies and CGLib proxies: where you use Proxy, you use net.sf.cglib.proxy.Enhancer class, where you use InvocationHandler, you use net.sf.cglib.proxy.Callback.
The two main differences is that Enhancer has a public constructor and Callback cannot be used as such but only through one of its subinterfaces:
Dispatcher: Dispatching Enhancer callbackFixedValue: Enhancer callback that simply returns the value to return from the proxied methodLazyLoader: Lazy-loading Enhancer callbackMethodInterceptor: General-purpose Enhancer callback which provides for "around advice"NoOp: Methods using this Enhancer callback will delegate directly to the default (super) implementation in the base class
As an introductory example, let’s create a proxy that returns the same value for hash code whatever the real object behind.
The feature looks like a MethodInterceptor, so let’s implement it as such:
public class HashCodeAlwaysZeroMethodInterceptor implements MethodInterceptor {
public Object intercept(Object object, Method method, Object[] args,
MethodProxy methodProxy) throws Throwable {
if ("hashCode".equals(method.getName())) {
return 0;
}
return methodProxy.invokeSuper(object, args);
}
}Looks awfully similar to a Java invocation handler, doesn’t it? Now, in order to create the proxy itself:
Object proxy = Enhancer.create(
Object.class,
new HashCodeAlwaysZeroMethodInterceptor());Likewise, the proxy creation isn’t suprising. The real differences are:
- there’s no interface involved in the process
- the proxy creation process also creates the proxied object. There’s no clear cut between proxy and proxied from the caller point of view
- thus, the callback method can provide the proxied object and there’s no need to create and store it in your own code
Conclusion
This article only brushed the surface of what can be done with proxies. Anyway, I hope it let you see that Java has some interesting features and points of extension, whether out-of-the-box or coming from some third-party framework
You can find the sources for this article in Eclipse/Maven format here.